An analysis conducted by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the Department of Energy found that full deployment of smart grid technologies could reduce annual GHG emissions from the U.S. electricity sector by 18% by 2030. The study found that the greatest effects on emissions would result from smart grid technologies dealing with: demand response programs for consumers; deploying diagnostics in residences and buildings occupied by small businesses; supporting additional electric vehicles, and supporting the integration of wind and solar energy into the grid.